APÉNDICE 

OCKHAM’S NON-POLlTlCAL WRITlNGS
A critical edition is being prepared under the general editorship of E. M. Buytaert (witll the co-operation of I. Dam, G. Mohan, and E. A. Moody), under the title Gulielmi Ockham Opera omnia philosophica et theologica, St Bonaventllre, N.Y., & Paderborn. The first volllme is in the press: Expositionis in libros arlis logicae prooemium et Expositio in librum Porphyrii de praedicabilibus, ed. E. A. Moody (see below I.1).
 
I. WRITINGS ON LOGIC
 

Expositio super librum Porphyrii. An explanation of Porphyry’s Introduction to Aristotle’s Categories, dealing with the five predicables ‘genus’, ‘species’, ‘differentia’, ‘property’, ‘accident’. Tlle only complete edition is the one made by Marcus de Benevento (Bologna 1496) The work was composed, most probably, arter the Commentary on the Sentences (see below III.1).

Expositio super librum Praedicamentorum. An explanation of Aristotle’s Categories, dealing with the ten most generic predicates (viz. substance, and the nine categories of accidents —quantity, quality, relation, etc.). There is only one complele edition, that of Bologna 1496— cf. I.1 above. This work was written after the former.

Expositio super duos libros Perihermenias. An explanation of Aristotle On Interpretation, dealing wilh propositions, their analysis, their truth and falsity, their classification and their opposition and conversion. Only complete edition: Bologna 1496. The work was written after I.2 above.
This, together with the two preceding works, was published in one volume by Marcus de Benevento, who called it Expositio aurea super artem Veterem. The title is not justified by the manuscript tradition.

Expositio super duos libros Elenchorum. An explanation of Aristotle On Sophistical Refutations, which constitutes the ninth book of the Topics. It deals with fallacies. There is no printed edition. It was written after I.3

Summa totius logicae. This work deals in three parts with (I) terms, (2) propositions, and (3) arguments. It was written certainly before 1328, and probably after1320. It is preserved in many manuscripts and many printed editions. New edition by Ph. Boehner in Franciscan Institute Publ., Text Series, No. 2, Pars Prima, St Bonaventure, N.Y., and Pars Secunda et Tertiae prima, ibíd. 1954; the end of the Third Part will be edited by I. Dám.

Compendium logicae or Tractatus logicae minor. A very condensed presentation of logic, following the general outline of the Summa totius logicae, and preserved, as far as we know, only in one manuscript, viz. Assisi 690. Another manuscript of this work, destroyed in 1945, was dated 1345.

Elementarium or Tractatus logicae medius. Another systematic work on logic, shorter than the Summa totius logicae but more extensive than the Compendium logicae, and written in a more personal style. As far as we know, it is found only in one manuscript, viz. Munich, Staatsbibliothek, lat. 1060, which was written in 1348.
Concerning the authenticity, nature, and relation of these three works (I.5-7) on logic, cf. Ph. Boehner, ‘Three Sums of Logic attributed to William Ockham’, in Franciscan Studies XI (1951), pp. 173 sqq.
 
II. WRITINGS ON PHYSICS
  

Expositio super octo libros Physicorum. An explanation of Aristotle’s Physics. A work of major importance, of which there is no printed edition. It was written after I.1-4, as is shown by the references to these works. An edition is being prepared by G. Mohan (Opera omnia phil. et theol.) .

Summulae in libros Physicorum. A summary of Aristotelian physics, sometimes also called The Natural Philosophy. Only a part of this work was completed by Ockham. It seems to be one of the later works. There have been several editions since that of Bologna 1494.

Quaestiones super libros Physicorum. Questions on Aristotle’s Physics. This work was certainly written after the Quodlibeta (see below III.3), which are frequently quoted in it. No edition is known to us. Thus far three manuscripts have been discovered, of which one is incomplete.
  
III. WORKS ON THEOLOGY
  

Ordinatio Ockham. The first book of Ockham’s commentary on the first book of the Sentences of Peter Lombard. The Sentences of Peter Lombard, a systematically arranged compilation of passages from the Fathers and theologians, was the official textbook of theology in the medieval universities. Ockham commented on all four books, the first of which deals with God, the second with creation, the third wilh redemption, and the fourth with salvation and the end of man. Ockham’s comments are written in the form or questions dealing with certain problems in the official textbook or with problems in some way connected with it. The first book of Ockham’s commentary on the Sentences is called the Ordinatio because he ‘ordered’ or prepared it for publication on the basis of his lecture notes. There is evidence that he revised his original text at least twice, mostly by minor additions. The Ordinatio was finished before 1323. It exists in many manuscripts and two printed editions (Strasbourg 1483 and Lyons 1495). It is the main source for Ockham’s theological and philosophical doctrines. A new edition is being prepared by E. M. Buytaert (Opera omnia phil. et theol.).

Reportatio Ockham. Ockham’s questions on the second, third, and fourth books of the Sentences. It is much shorter than III.1, since only a few questions are dealt with. In addition, several questions contained in the only printed edition (Lyons 1495) do not belong to the Reportatio; they are not found in the better manuscripts. The problems regarding these questions –in particular wllether they may be a special work of Ockham (perhaps Quaestiones disputatae)– are not yet settled. The work is called Reportatio because it is a ‘report’ of Ockham’s lectures. The Reportatio is later than the lectures on the first book, which are now preserved only in the revised form of the Ordinatio (see above III.1); but while the lectures on the first book were revised and transformed into an Ordinatio, the Reportatio is still in its original state, and as such it now represents the earliest work of Ockham that has been handed down to us. A new edition is being prepared by E. l\I. Buytaert (Opera omnia phil. et theol.).

Quodlibeta septem. These contain discussions ‘on anything and everything’ (quodlibet). Quodlibetum is a technical term; it means disputations which, with a certain solemnity, were held twice a year. On those occasions there was little restriction on the nature of the questions which could be asked, though it was required that they should be discussed in the form of the scholastic disputation. It seems that Ockham’s Quodlibeta are reportationes, since they are preserved in an unfinished and much condensed state. They were probably written before 1324, but certainly after his commentary on the Sentences (III.1, 2) and probably after II.1. There are several old printed editions of this work (e.g. Paris 1487-8; Strasbourg 1491).

Tractatus de sacramento altaris, or Secundus tractatus de quantitate. These two works (III.4, 5) deal with the problem of quantity, raised with a view to an explanation of the Holy Eucharist. There are a number of old editions and a modern one (by T. B. Birch, Burlington, Iowa, 1930); all these present both tracts as one work, but this procedure is not substantiated by the manuscript tradition.

Tractatus de praedestinatione et de praescientia Dei et de futuris contin-gentibus. A treatise on predestination and on the prescience of God. It deals with the problem whether God knows future contingent facts, that is, events which depend on an act of free will. The first edition formed part of the Expositio aurea (cf. I.3 above); there is also an edition by Philotheus Boehner in: Franciscan lnstitute Publications, Pllilosophy Series No. 2, St Bonaventure, N.Y., 1945.

Quaestiones variae. This is an artificial title for a group of questions which are printed in the edition of the Reportatio (cf. III.2 above), but which do not belong to its original form. They seem to have been composed later than the Reportatio.
  

POLITICAL WRITINGS
Since I have very little personal acquaintance with the textual tradition of these works, and since a critical edition is now being prepared by the Manchester University Press (of which, so far, two volumes have appeared: Guillelmi de Ockham Opera politica, ed. J. G. Sikes, VOL. 1, Manchester 1940; ed. H. S. Offler, VOL. III, ibid. 1956), I will confine myself to an enumeration of the principal writings, adding only a few remarks.  
  

Opus nonaginta dierum. The work of ninety days, so called because it was allegedly written within ninety days. It was Ockham’s first work against Pope John XXII, concerning the controversy about the problem of Franciscan poverty. Written in 1333-4.

Compendium errorum papae Joannis XXII. Written after the death of Pope John XXII, 4 December 1334.

Allegationes de potestate imperiali. Written in 1338.

Octo quaestiones super potestate ac dignitate papali. Written between the years 1339 and 1342.

An rex Angliae , Pro succursu guerrae possit recipere bona ecclesiarum. Written between the years 1338 and 1340.

Consultatio de causa matrimoniali. Written ca. 1341.

Dialogus. This is the main work, where Ockham treats extensively of the question of the relation between Church and State, showing the pros and cons without revealing his own position. Hence it must be used with caution. It was written in 1334-8. 

Tractatus de imperatorum et pontificum potestate. This work reveals Ockham’s surprisingly moderate position with regard to the problem of the relation between Church and State. Written ca. 1347.
  

Centiloquium, ed. Lyons 1495, together with III.l-2; new edition by Ph. Boehner in Franciscan Studies I (1941), i, 58-72; ii, 35-54; iii, 62-70; 1l (1942), 49-60, 146-57, 251-30l.

Tractatus de principiis theologiae, ed. L. Baudry (Études de phil. médiévale, 23), Paris 1936.

Tractatus de successivis, ed. Ph. Boehner (Franciscan Institute Publ., Philosophy Series No. 1, St Bonaventure, N.Y., 1944.

De puncto; de negatione, MS . Basle F II 24, fol. 30-2; unedited.

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