1. Wang, S.S., et al., Automated solid
phase synthesis of thymosin alpha 1. International Journal of Peptide and Protein
Research, 1980. 15: 1-4.
2. Low, T.L.K. and A.L. Goldstein, The
chemistry and biology of thymosin II. Amino acid sequence analysis of thymosin alpha 1 and
polypeptide beta 1. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1979. 254: 987-995.
3. Low, T., et al., The chemistry and
biology of thymosin. I. Isolation, characterization and biological activities of thymosin
alpha-1 and polypeptide beta-1 from calf thymus. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1979.
254: 981-986.
4. Oates, K. and M. Erdos, Biochemical
identification of thymosin alpha-1: its phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary
implications. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 1989. 94-B(4): 759-763.
5. Weller, F.E., et al., Serum levels of
immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in large cohorts of healthy adults.
Thymus, 1992. 19(1): 45-52.
6. Sztein, M., S. Serrate, and A.
Goldstein, Modulation of interleukin-2 receptor expression on normal human lymphocytes by
thymic hormones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1986. 83: 6107-6111.
7. Sztein, M. and S. Serrate,
Characterization of the immunoregulatory properties of thymosin alpha 1 on interleukin-2
production and interleukin-2 receptor expression in normal human lymphocytes.
International Journal of Immunopharmacology, 1989. 11: 789-800.
8. Serrate, S., et al., Modulation of
human natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, lymphokine production, and interleukin 2
receptor expression by thymic hormones. Journal of Immunology, 1987. 139: 2338-2343.
9. Zatz, M.M. and A.L. Goldstein,
Mechanism of action of thymosin. 1. Thymosin fraction 5 increases lymphokine production by
mature murine T cells responding in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Journal of Immunology,
1985. 134(2): 1032-1038.
10. Svedersky, L., et al., Induction and
augmentation of mitogen-induced immune interferon production in human peripheral blood
lymphocytes by Na-desacetylthymosin alpha 1. European Journal of Immunology, 1982. 12:
244-247.
11. Hsia, J., et al., Aspirin and
thymosin increase interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma production by human peripheral blood
lymphocytes. Immunopharmacology, 1989. 17(3): 167-173.
12. Smalley, R., et al., The thymosins -
preclinical and clinical studies with fraction 5 and alpha 1. Cancer Treatment Reviews,
1984. 11: 69-84.
13. Mutchnick, M.G., et al., Thymosin
treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a placebo-controlled pilot trial. Hepatology, 1991. 14:
409-415.
14. Salvati, F., et al., Combined
treatment with thymosin alpha 1 and low-dose interferon-alpha after ifosfamide in
non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II controlled trial. Anticancer Research, 1996. 16:
1001-1004.
15. DAgostini, C., et al., Efficacy
of combination therapy with amantadine, thymosin alpha 1 and alpha/beta interferon in mice
infected with influenza A virus. International Journal of Immunopharmacology, 1996. 18(2):
95-102.
16. Hadden, J.W., et al., Immunotherapy
with natural interleukins and/or thymosin alpha 1 potently augments T-lymphocyte responses
of hydrocortisone-treated aged mice. International Journal of Immunopharmacology, 1995.
17(10): 821-828.
17. Di Francesco, P., et al., In vivo
recovery of natural killer cell activity by the association of thymosin a 1 and cytokines
during cocaine administation. Medical Science Research, 1994. 22: 41-42.
18. Favalli, C., et al., Synergistic
effect of thymosin alpha 1 and alpha beta-interferon on NK activity in tumor-bearing mice.
International Journal of Immunopharmacology, 1989. 11(5): 443-450.
19. Baumann, C.A., M. Badamchian, and
A.L. Goldstein, Thymosin alpha 1 antagonizes dexamethasone and CD3-induced apoptosis of
CD4+CD8+ thymocytes through the activation of cAMP and protein kinase C dependent second
messenger pathways. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 1997. 94: 85-101.
20. Knutsen, A.P., et al.,
Thymosin-alpha1 stimulates maturation of CD34+ stem cells into CD3+4+ cells in an in vitro
thymic epithelia organ coculture model [In Process Citation]. Int J Immunopharmacol, 1999.
21(1): 15-26.
21. Cursaro, C., et al., Thymosina1 (Ta1)
plus interferona (IFNa) enhance the immune and antiviral response of patients with
hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology, 1998. 28(4): 361A.
22. Colledge, D., et al. Antiviral
effects of thymosin alpha 1 versus leukocytic interferon in primary cultures of duck
hepatocytes persistently infected with duck HBV in vitro. in Second International
Conference on Therapies for viral hepatitis. 1997. Kona, Hawaii.
23. Tennant, B.C., et al., Treatment of
chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection with thymosin alpha-1 (TA1). Antiviral
Research, 1993. 20(Supplement 1): 163.
24. Gangemi, J., et al., Antiviral and
anti-proliferative activities of alpha interferons in experimental hepatitis B virus
infections. Antiviral Therapy, 1996. 1: 64-70.
25. Favalli, C., et al., Modulation of
natural killer activity by thymosin alpha 1 and interferon. Cancer Immunology and
Immunotherapy, 1985. 20(3): 189-92.
26. Garaci, E., et al., Combination
treatment with zidovudine, thymosin alpha 1, and interferon-alpha in human
immunodeficiency virus infection. International Journal of Clinical Laboratory Research,
1994. 24: 23-28.
27. Mastino, A., et al., Thymosin alpha 1
potentiates interleukin 2-induced cytotoxic activity in mice. Cellular Immunology, 1991.
133(1): 196-205.
28. Chien, R.N., et al., Efficacy of
thymosin alpha1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a randomized, controlled trial.
Hepatology, 1998. 27(5): 1383-7.
29. Leung, Y. and T. So, Treatment of
chronic hepatitis B using thymosin alpha 1 and a combination of two nucleoside analogues,
lamivudine and famciclovir. Hepatology, 1998. 28(4): 216A.
30. Sherman, K.E., et al., Combination
therapy with thymosin alpha1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C
infection: a randomized, placebo- controlled double-blind trial. Hepatology, 1998. 27(4):
1128-35.
31. Rasi G., et al., Combination thymosin
a1 and lymphoblastoid interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis C. Gut, 1996. 39: 670-683.
32. Moscarella, S., et al. Treatment with
interferon-alpha and thymosin alpha 1 of naive patients affected by chronic hepatitis C.
in 4th International Meeting on Hepatitis C Virus and Related Viruses. 1997. Kyoto, Japan.
33. Rasi, G., et al., Combination
low-dose lymphoblastoid interferon and thymosin alpha 1 therapy in the treatment of
chronic hepatitis B. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 1996. 3: 191-196.
34. McHutchison, J.G., et al., Interferon
alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis
C. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med, 1998. 339(21):
1485-92.
35. Sherman, K. and S. Sherman,
Interferon plus thymosin a-1 treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: a meta-analysis,
in Therapies for Viral Hepatitis, R. Schinazi, J. Sommadossi, and H. Thomas, Editors.
1998, International Medical Press: London. 379-383.
36. Stefanini, G.F., et al.,
Alpha-1-thymosin and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma
patients: a preliminary experience. Hepatogastroenterology, 1998. 45(19): 209-15.